在太陽能光伏電站運(yùn)行過程中，運(yùn)維人員常會(huì)觀察到光伏板表面或周邊區(qū)域漂浮著白色斑點(diǎn)或絮狀物。這些物質(zhì)的形成與光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行環(huán)境、材料特性及氣象條件密切相關(guān)，其成分與影響需結(jié)合具體場景進(jìn)行科學(xué)分析。

　　During the operation of solar photovoltaic power plants, maintenance personnel often observe white spots or flocculent objects floating on the surface or surrounding areas of the photovoltaic panels. The formation of these substances is closely related to the operating environment, material characteristics, and meteorological conditions of photovoltaic power generation systems, and their composition and impact need to be scientifically analyzed in conjunction with specific scenarios.

　　白色漂浮物的成分溯源

　　Traceability of the components of white floating objects

　　光伏板表面白色沉積物的主要成分包括無機(jī)鹽類、有機(jī)污染物及微粒物質(zhì)。沿海地區(qū)光伏電站的白色斑點(diǎn)多為鹽霧結(jié)晶，空氣中的氯化鈉顆粒隨海風(fēng)沉積于板面，遇露水或雨水后形成白色晶斑。內(nèi)陸干旱地區(qū)則常見鈣鎂碳酸鹽沉積，源于空氣中的粉塵與硬水殘留。

　　The main components of white sediment on the surface of photovoltaic panels include inorganic salts, organic pollutants, and particulate matter. The white spots of photovoltaic power plants in coastal areas are mostly salt spray crystals, and sodium chloride particles in the air deposit on the surface of the board with the sea breeze, forming white crystal spots when exposed to dew or rainwater. In inland arid areas, calcium and magnesium carbonate deposits are common, originating from dust and hard water residues in the air.

　　有機(jī)污染物主要來源于植物花粉、昆蟲分泌物及鳥類排泄物。春季楊柳飛絮高發(fā)期，光伏陣列間易形成白色絮狀物堆積，某些植物花粉含有蛋白質(zhì)與多糖，遇潮濕環(huán)境會(huì)形成粘性膜層。鳥類在光伏支架筑巢產(chǎn)生的排泄物，經(jīng)風(fēng)干后呈現(xiàn)白色粉末狀，其尿酸成分具有腐蝕性。

　　Organic pollutants mainly come from plant pollen, insect secretions, and bird excrement. During the high incidence period of willow catkins in spring, white flocs are prone to accumulate between photovoltaic arrays. Some plant pollen contains proteins and polysaccharides, which can form a sticky film layer when exposed to humid environments. The excrement produced by birds building nests on photovoltaic supports appears as a white powder after air drying, and its uric acid component is corrosive.

　　對發(fā)電效率的影響機(jī)制

　　The impact mechanism on power generation efficiency

　　白色污染物通過三種途徑降低光伏系統(tǒng)發(fā)電量：一是遮擋效應(yīng)，直徑0.5毫米的顆粒物即可使入射光強(qiáng)度衰減，據(jù)實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)，10克/平方米的灰塵沉積會(huì)使發(fā)電量下降；二是熱斑效應(yīng)，污染物局部遮擋導(dǎo)致電池片溫差過大，長期運(yùn)行會(huì)誘發(fā)EVA膠膜老化加速；三是腐蝕作用，鹽霧結(jié)晶中的氯離子滲透至玻璃蓋板表面，與鈉離子形成導(dǎo)電通道，增加表面漏電流。

　　White pollutants can reduce the power generation of photovoltaic systems through three ways: firstly, the blocking effect. Particles with a diameter of 0.5 millimeters can attenuate the intensity of incident light. According to measured data, dust deposition of 10 grams per square meter can reduce the power generation; The second is the hot spot effect, where pollutants partially block and cause excessive temperature differences in the battery cells. Long term operation can induce accelerated aging of the EVA film; The third is corrosion, where chloride ions in salt spray crystals penetrate the surface of the glass cover plate and form conductive channels with sodium ions, increasing surface leakage current.

　　環(huán)境與設(shè)備危害評估

　　Environmental and equipment hazard assessment

　　從生態(tài)視角看，自然來源的白色漂浮物通常不構(gòu)成生態(tài)威脅。花粉、植物碎屑等有機(jī)物可被微生物分解，鹽霧結(jié)晶隨雨水沖刷回歸土壤。但工業(yè)區(qū)附近的鋅白、鈦白粉等顏料顆粒可能改變土壤pH值，需定期監(jiān)測沉積物重金屬含量。

　　From an ecological perspective, naturally occurring white floating debris typically does not pose an ecological threat. Organic matter such as pollen and plant debris can be decomposed by microorganisms, and salt spray crystals return to the soil with rainwater erosion. However, pigment particles such as zinc white and titanium dioxide near industrial areas may alter soil pH values, and regular monitoring of sediment heavy metal content is necessary.

　　對設(shè)備而言，長期未清理的沉積物會(huì)引發(fā)連鎖反應(yīng)。某光伏電站對比數(shù)據(jù)顯示，連續(xù)運(yùn)行180天未清洗的組件，其輸出功率衰減率達(dá)清洗組的2.3倍。更嚴(yán)重的是，熱斑效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的局部過熱會(huì)使電池片隱裂率提升，縮短組件使用壽命。

　　For equipment, long-term uncleaned sediment can trigger a chain reaction. According to comparative data from a certain photovoltaic power station, the output power attenuation rate of components that have not been cleaned for 180 consecutive days is 2.3 times that of the cleaning group. More seriously, local overheating caused by the hot spot effect can increase the hidden cracking rate of battery cells and shorten the service life of components.

　　科學(xué)治理與預(yù)防策略

　　Scientific governance and prevention strategies

　　運(yùn)維需建立“預(yù)防-治理-評估”閉環(huán)體系。預(yù)防層面，在沿海電站采用自清潔鍍膜玻璃，其表面憎水角可達(dá)115°，使鹽霧顆粒難以附著；在內(nèi)陸電站加裝防風(fēng)抑塵網(wǎng)，減少粉塵沉降。治理環(huán)節(jié)，推薦使用超純水清洗系統(tǒng)，避免自來水中的礦物質(zhì)殘留形成二次污染。

　　Operations and maintenance need to establish a closed-loop system of "prevention governance evaluation". On the preventive level, self-cleaning coated glass is used in coastal power stations, with a surface hydrophobicity angle of up to 115 °, making it difficult for salt spray particles to adhere; Install windproof and dust suppression nets in inland power stations to reduce dust deposition. In the governance process, it is recommended to use an ultra pure water cleaning system to avoid secondary pollution caused by mineral residues in tap water.

　　智能監(jiān)測技術(shù)正在改變傳統(tǒng)運(yùn)維模式。通過在光伏陣列部署微型光譜儀，可實(shí)時(shí)分析污染物成分，當(dāng)沉積物厚度超過臨界值時(shí)，系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)清洗程序。某試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目數(shù)據(jù)顯示，該技術(shù)使運(yùn)維成本降低，發(fā)電量提升。

　　Intelligent monitoring technology is changing the traditional operation and maintenance mode. By deploying a miniature spectrometer in the photovoltaic array, the composition of pollutants can be analyzed in real time. When the sediment thickness exceeds the critical value, the system automatically starts the cleaning program. Data from a pilot project shows that this technology reduces operational costs and increases power generation.

　　白色漂浮物是光伏電站運(yùn)行環(huán)境的客觀反映，其治理需兼顧發(fā)電效率與生態(tài)保護(hù)。通過材料創(chuàng)新、智能運(yùn)維及科學(xué)管理，可最大限度降低其負(fù)面影響，推動(dòng)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。

　　White floating objects are an objective reflection of the operating environment of photovoltaic power plants, and their management needs to balance power generation efficiency and ecological protection. Through material innovation, intelligent operation and maintenance, and scientific management, the negative impact can be minimized to promote the high-quality development of the photovoltaic industry.

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